Every year, millions of tourists come to Turkey to see the natural beauties of my country. Most of these tourists are Russian, German and people coming from North Europan countries like Finland, Sweden and Norway. There are many historical and touristic places in Turkey but most of them are found in Aegean and Mediterranean region. Izmir, Antalya, Didim, Kusadasi, Marmaris, Fethiye, Bodrum and Ephesus are all great examples to these beauties. All of these places are located near the sea. Some of them have a historical background while some don't have. This article is about a small town Patara.

Patara is an ancient town in Mediterranean region. It is located in city of Kas which is one of the touristic cities of Antalya Province. According to the historians, Patara is the birth place of Saint Nicholas who is known as Noel Father in Turkish culture. Most of you know him as an old man who drives his deers and gives presents to the children in Noel nights. He lived all his life nearby Patara, in the town of Myra..

Patara was founded by Patarus. So, it is known with his name. Patarus was one of the sons of famous Greek commander Apollo. In the past, Dorians coming from city of Crete lived in this small town. It witnessed many wars of Greek and Egyptians. In 1. century B.C, it was joined to Roman Empire and Rhodians occupied the ancient Patara. It was joined to Pamphylia in the year of 43. According to the quotes in Bible, Paul of Tarsus and Luke changed their ships in Patara.

Patara has a small hill and a ruined temple on one side of the hill. Currently, It is under ruins. Every year, Europan and Turkish archaeologists come to Patara to search about ancient civilizations living in this region. Excavations are made.Most of those excavations are made on the hill and ruined temple nearby. Off-shore part of Patara is under sand. After the latest excavations, archaeologists announced that Patara has a main street and amphitheatre.

One day, if your steps take you away to Turkey, you should visit Patara. Sure that, you can find many interesting things which have not been discovered yet.

Curious about what Triund looks like, I gathered all articles and pictures in the internet to find out what it is. I used Google, Yahoo, Flickr, Answers, among others and I arrived at the materials listed below.

I provide impressions on the picture or article and place the links associated with it.

1. Triund is a scenic place the peak of which is like a Bermuda grass garden with stones all over it. I'm wondering, however, why the photographer has to include the tents in the picture if the intent is to show it as a scenic place.
2. Lakes are famous tourist destinations in Dharamsala where Triond is found. The author of this article , however, says that the highlight is definitely the Triond. It is a three hour walk uphill where one will see the snowy peaks. Probably tired of climbing or found the place nice to stay a while, many travelers stay there for several days in a forest rest house near one side of the hill. The author said the more adventurous travelers pitch their camps in a cave or a tent. That's the reason why there are tents in the picture above. The description of Triond is found midway of the article.
3. I typed “Triund” in Flickr and saw three pictures taken along the way to Triund showed a herd of goats with three tourists at foreground, a shepherd with the goats and two people posing for the camera.

Well, it's quite difficult getting information about Triund, the place in the Himalayas. I wish those who have been there can contribute more information about the site where we get our contents published.

How about Triond sponsoring a free trip for two lucky writers for a free trip to Triund in the Himalayas to make a comprehensive description?

1. Dumbarton Oaks

   On its website, Dumbarton Oaks bills itself as a research institute (part of Harvard University) "dedicated to supporting scholarship internationally in Byzantine, Garden and Landscape, and Pre-Columbian studies through fellowships, meetings, exhibitions, and publications". Well, that's just about enough to scare any tourist off.  But the intrepid tourist who shirks off such stuffiness and actually visits this little gem is treated with both a brilliant museum and a breathtaking garden. The museum, which is free, houses a world-class collection of Byzantine art that spans nine centuries as well as a Pre-Columbian collection of about 700 items including one of the most outstanding collections of Andean art found anywhere in North America. For those visiting the museum, make sure to ask to see the Music Room as part of your visit. It's well worth the hassle and, hey, it's free.
   
   Most people visiting Dumbarton Oaks skip the museum altogether and head right to the gardens. I have to admit, I am not garden lovers, but after strolling through this maze of sensory overload, I am a convert. Whether you are interested in the art of landscape design or just anxious to see a pretty scene, the gardens are for you. I barely saw all of the gardens on my visit, however, because I was mesmerized by the peace and calm of the two-hundred-year-old Orangery attached to the east side of the main edifice (an architectural delight in and of itself) and could barely escape. It is hauntingly beautiful.
   
   The rest of the garden is, well, just beautiful. Plan carefully when you go because the museum is only open from 2 p.m. to 5 p. m. except Mondays and the gardens are only open from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. on those same days.

2. The Old Post Office Tower

   Okay, so maybe the Old Post Office Tower isn't as sexy as the Washington Monument. Fair enough. But battling 80 Boy Scout troops from San Diego to Sheboygan for a trip up the Big Pencil is not my idea of vacation bliss. I'll take my chances at the OPOT. Home to the Bells of Congress, the Old Post Office Tower, is now operated by the National Park Service and is entirely free to the public. It isn't quite as centrally located as the Big Pencil, but it's right on Pennsylvania Avenue and has a bird's eye view from the Capitol to the White House with a little glimpse at the J. Edgar Hoover Building and the inner courtyards of some of Washington's most hallowed halls. I also think the view up to the National Cathedral is noteworthy and impressive. A simple elevator trip and a few stairs are the only cost in this one.
   

3. National Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism

   Dedicated in November 2000, the National Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism is a little-known, yet well-conceived monument that not only honors Japanese-American servicemen and women, but gives a nod to the 120,000 American citizens placed in internment camps at the outset of WWII. These citizens endured tremendous hardships as they were taken from their homes and carted off to places like Minidoka, Idaho and Topaz, Utah all because their skin was a slightly different hue. With that in mind, it would seem reasonable that the memorial might be kind of a downer, but the memorial is anything but a downer. Comprised of a sculpture of two cranes surrounded by a clean circular wall engraved with the names of the "relocation camps", the memorial deftly points out the struggle of Japanese-Americans to gain acceptance and equality, but does so subtly, almost as if to inspire rather than condemn.
   
   The memorial is tucked away just north of the Capitol on a triangular plot bounded by Louisiana Avenue, New Jersey Avenue and D Street NW and is cared for by the National Park Service as part of the National Mall.

4. National Postal Museum

   If you are one of the approximately 13 people out there in our country that still collects stamps or occasionally sends cookies to the college student by snail mail, this museum is a must. If you are like the rest of us and think Cheers patron, Cliff Clavin, is a doofus, this museum is also a must. Complete with a Philatelic Gallery and a display of WWII V-mail correspondence, the National Postal Museum takes itself very seriously. Exhibits are very interactive and museum workers are literally everywhere to help and guide. On my visit, the staff of the museum grabbed my family and me at the door and wouldn't let us go. Not only did they dress up my little girl in the trendiest postal garb, they strapped a mailbag on to my considerable frame and cajoled me into decorating my own postcard and sending it back home. It wound up being a highlight of our trip.
   
   Keep in mind, this is postal history, and it's not for everyone, but well worth a trip. The Museum is part of the Smithsonian and is located in the old Post Office next to Union Station.
   

5. The Reflecting Pool on the National Mall

   The National Mall is often called the Nation's front yard. Well, if that's true, then the Reflecting Pool is the Nation's plastic swimming pool? Whatever. If you want to get reflective and think about the history of our country or you want to contemplate life's lingering questions, the pool fits the bill, but I like it because it's a total magnet for Americana. America, in all its personal glory and quirkiness, is found within a stone's throw of the Pool. Protestors chant and yell on the steps in front of the Lincoln Memorial. Vets quietly stroll along its banks. Busloads of screaming, laughing teenagers splash and frolic while children walk a tightrope on its edge. It's a microcosm of the ol' United States of America and I love it. The Reflecting Pool is hard to miss as its in the very center of the Mall.

Yungas Road (Highway of death in Bolivia)

Yungas Road is one of the most dangerous roads of all world. It is placed in Bolivia, between La Paz and Coroico cities. Since this region is called as Yungas, naturally this road is named as Yungas Road.

This road is used by heavy trucks, buses and lorries. Naturally, if you go to there,you can see the wreckages of many lorries and buses. In last years, it is also preferred by cyclists and motorcyclists. ”Gravity Assisted Mountain Biking” is one of the extreme sports made by on this road. Every month, more than 200 people die on Yungas Road. Annual death toll is more than 3000.

Guoliang Tunnel Road (China)

Guoliang Road is one of the most well-known killer roads .It was built by the villagers living in Guoliang region. Total length of the road is almost 1200 meters. It is located in Taihang mountains in China. To finish complete road took 5 years of villagers. On the road, there are tunnels with 5 meters height and 4 meters width. This road is known as death machine.

Pasubio Road (Italy)

Pasubio Road was constructed in Vicenza, Northern Italy. Once upon a time, it was really a dead machine. Currently, it is only used for motorcycling activities.On the road, there are hairpin turns and tunnels. The existence of the roads twisting into tunnels and hairpin turns makes this road interesting.

The Philippine Airlines Mountaineering Club (PALMC) was among those that facilitated the retrieval operations and found out the potential of the place as fit for a mountaineering activity. Since then, they started conducting yearly memorial climbs together with the families of the crash victims. This activity was then made known to other mountaineering groups that resulted to more visitors going to Mt. Ugo.

Having noticed the increasing number of visitors bound to Mt. Ugo, the barangay officials enacted an ordinance setting the collection of entrance, porter and guide fees in the barangay's identified tourist destinations.

The Annual Mt. Ugo Summer Climb is an invitational climb that is a promotional activity of Barangay Tinongdan in Itogon, Benguet for Mt. Ugo, the most recent is the 4th Mt. Ugo Summer Climb. It entails mountaineering activities such as hiking, climbing and, nature and culture appreciation. It also includes educational aspect because of its historical background being the site of the PAL plane crash and it is where the tri-boundary marker for the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, and then Mountain Province, now Benguet Province which was separated.

Short Term Benefits

The stakeholders who benefited from this event are the storeowners, restaurants, peddlers, transport operators, and drivers. Bus companies with provincial operations ferried the climbers from their respective provinces to the city of Baguio which is the kick-off point. In the local level, we tapped the services of all the jitneys plying the route of Tinongdan and Binga. Likewise, the stores, restaurants, and peddlers en route (including the municipalities of Bokod, Benguet & Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya) to Mt. Ugo likewise had the opportunity to sell their local and indigenous products. /the trained tour guides and porters rendered their services with corresponding fees standardized by the Barangay Government.

Most of the participants of the organized climb came from Metro Manila and southern provinces. It somehow gave them three-days opportunity to experience the cool climate and appreciate the beauty of nature in the Benguet mountains.

Long Term Benefits

Tour guiding and porterage provides additional income for the trained locals of Barangay Tinongdan even after the organized climb. Several mountaineering clubs organize and schedule independent climbs and engage the services of these trained guides and porters. Most often, participants to the climb spread their desirable experiences during the climb which lure other interested climbers to visit the place.

The event also promotes environmental and cultural awareness. Likewise, business establishments and livelihood activities that cater to the need of the tourists are now eventually increasing in the host areas.

INVOLVEMENT, PARTICIPATION, AND COOPERATION OF GENERAL STAKEHOLDERS

Before the conduct of every climb, the Barangay Government through its Barangay Captain conducts meeting with all involved sectors in the Barangay, both private and government. The Barangay Officials, Barangay Tourism Council, the Drivers and Operators Association, the Women's Group, the Association of Tour Guides and Porters, Storeowners and Food Handlers' Association, Youth Association, /senior Citizens, the Council of Elders, Barangay Tanods, Purok Leaders, and Health Workers all convene to identify their respective roles and participation in order to ensure the smooth operation of the event and shall meet the satisfaction and enjoyable stay, and safety of the participants.

CONTINUITY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF THE EVENT/PROJECT

The Annual Mt. Ugo Summer Climb started in 2003 and is now moving for its 5th year. It has been the word of mouth of the happy participants and contingents. After every climb, the conduct of a post evaluation is necessary in order to accommodate comments and suggestions for the improvement of the succeeding climb.

The Barangay Tourism Council and the Barangay Government expand its network through linkages with other agencies. The Local Government of the Barangay, Municipal and Provincial unit appropriate fund for tourism development where minimal support expenses are drawn or this event. Said event is also coordinated with the office of the DOT Regional Director.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE COMMUNITY

The involvement of the community is primarily the priority of the event. The participants get the chance to interact with the indigenous people of the host community where Ibaloi and Iwak tribes reside. The social, cultural and environmental aspect is the center of the interaction process as it becomes an avenue for the interchange of sharing ideas and knowledge. It becomes a two-way learning process.

The climb has encouraged the community to:

1. Protect and preserve their environment and culture.
2. Develop and improve their communication skills.
3. Develop and improve the basic tourist support facilities in the barangay, and;
4. Enhance their livelihood opportunities

The event has also caused the conduct of several outreach programs by various mountaineering clubs in the different sitios of the barangay such as medical-dental missions, delivery of donations in the form of school supplies, foot wears, raingears, and clothing among others. Some residents also found employment outside the province with the assistance of some tourists.

1. Sinulog Festival

   
   
   This is an annual festival celebrated every third Sunday of January in Cebu city (1 hour 15 minutes from Manila by air). The festival is characterized by a very long parade with many groups of people dressed in colorful costumes while dancing the Sinulog. The Sinulog dance is a traditional and ritual dance in honor of the local's patron saint, Sto. Niño (Child Jesus). It was said that while dancing Sinulog, people were shouting their petitions and thanksgiving to the Sto. Niño. The shouting (of Pit Siñor!) was necessary because the pilgrims have to be sure their petitions and thanksgiving is heard by the Sto. Niño.

2. Dinagyang Festival

   
   
   This is an annual festival celebrated every fourth weekend of January in Iloilo City (1 hour 5 minutes from Manila by air.) The festival is characterized by frenetic stomping of feet and hypnotic drumbeating. It is a colorful whirl of thousands of people dressed in unique costumes dancing and chanting all day and night. The thundering of "Hala Bira!" by the celebrants makes the celebration a lively one. Dinagyang is the only festival in the world recognized by the United Nations to promote its advocacy campaign on the Millenium Development Goals (MGD).

3. Panabenga-Baguio Flower Festival

   
   
   This is an annual festival celebrated during the whole month of February in Baguio City (50 minutes from Manila by air). The festival is characterized by showcasing Cordillera flowers on parade (flower floats), with garden shows, exhibits, lectures and competitions. Panagbenga is a Kankanaey term for "season of blooming". Since February 1995, the festival is held every year to help Baguio City forget the 1990 earthquake that distressed much o the city.

4. Kaamulan Festival

   
   
   This is an annual festival celebrated every first weekend of March in Malaybalay City, Bukidnon (1 hour 30 minutes from Manila to Cagayan de Oro City by air; 1 hour 30 minutes from Cagayan de Oro City to Malaybalay City by land). I know it's quite a long way to go, but wait till you see what it's like. It is worth the travel. The festival is characterized by a showcase of tribal/ethnic songs, dances, games, crafts and rituals. Kaamulan is a Binukid term for "social gathering".

5. Moriones Festival

   
   
   This is an annual folk-religious festival celebrated during the Holy Week of April in Marinduque (45 minutes from Manila by air). It is week-long festival featuring finely-carved masks worn by colorful warriors depicting the fierce Roman soldiers of Christ's time - Longinus. Legend has it that Longinus pierced the side of the crucified Christ. The blood that spurted forth touched his blind eye and fully restored his sight. This miracle converted Longinus to Christianity and earned the ire of his fellow centurions. The term Moriones refers to the masked and costumed penitents who marched around the town for seven days in search for Longinus.

6. Bangus Festival

   
   
   This is an annual festival celebrated during the month of April in Dagupan City, Pangasinan (6 hours from Manila by land). The festival is characterized by the ceremonial lighting of 1,000 barbeque grills which are used to cook thousands of Bangus (Milkfish). Did you know that the barbeque grills stretch for nearly two-kilometers and thus making it to the Guinness World Record for the longest barbecue grill? Isn't that simply amazing!?! It also highlights "101 Ways to Cook Bangus" brought to you by hundreds of chefs who compete to cook the tastiest and most creative Bangus dish. Yummy!

7. Pahiyas Festival

   
   
   This is an annual festival celebrated during the month of May in Lucban, Quezon City ( 3 hours from Manila by land). The festival is characterized with a line of beautifully decorated homes with the town's best agricultural products. One of the festival's attractions is the "kiping," a wafer made of rice and shaped into a trea leaf which comes in different colors of pink, green and yellow. The festival is celebrated in honor of the locals' patron saint, San Isidro Labrador, as well as, a thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest. It was believed by the locals that the Pahiyas festival must be done in order to avoid bad luck, drought and famine.

8. Mudpack Festival

   
   
   This is an annual festival celebrated every third weekend of June in Murcia, Negros Occidental (1 hour 10 minutes from Manila to Bacolod City by air; 20 minutes from Bacolod City to Murcia by land). The festival is characterized by a lively street dancing parade with participants wearing almost nothing but mudpacks. Isn't that a bit itchy!?! A symbolic celebration of man's return to primitive time when he was closer to nature. It seeks to instill in people the awareness and care of environment and the use of natural materials in arts and crafts.

9. Sandugo Festival

   
   
   This is an annual festival celebrated during the month of July in Bool, Tagbilaran City, Bohol (Two hours from Manila by air). The festival commemorates the blood compact (sandugo) peace treaty between Rajah Sikatuna and Capt. Gen. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi marking the beginning of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. The term Sandugo is from the Visayan root word "dugo" which means "blood". In a Sandugo, participants each drink a small amount of the other's blood, thus making them brothers binded by blood. This was the traditional way of formalizing friendship treaties in the Philippines.

10. Kadayawan Festival

    
    
    This is an annual festival celebrated every third week of August in Davao City (1 hour 45 minutes from Manila by air). The festival is characterized by a week long celebration and thanksgiving for nature's bountiful harvest in a form of grand colorful parade of fruits and orchid-bedecked floats and tribal street dancing. Kadayawan is a Mandaya term which means anything that brings fortune, celebration and thanksgiving for the bounties of harvest and serenity of living.

11. Tuna Festival

    
    
    This is an annual festival celebrated during the month of September in General Santos City (1 hour 45 minutes from Manila by air). Heard of Manny Pacquiao? He is the first Asian (Filipino) boxer to win three world titles in three different weight divisions. Well, General Santos is his hometown. The festival is characterized by a floating parade representing giant replicas of tuna together with its fellow creatures from the sea. It commemorates the tuna industry which is the prime fishing product of the city, contributing 60% to its economy. General Santos is known as the country's Tuna Capital.

12. Lanzones Festival

    
    
    This is an annual festival celebrated during the month of October in Mambajao, Camiguin Island (1 hour 30 minutes from Manila to Cagayan de Oro City by air; 2 hours 15 minutes from Cagayan de Oro City to Camiguin City by land then ferry). Another long ride, but will soon be rewarded by the delicious fruit specialty they are popular of -- the Lanzones. The festival is characterized by a street dancing extravaganza featuring the Lanzones -- Camiguin's favorite fruit. Lanzones is a tropical fruit that grows abundantly on the north-central coast of Mindanao. It is said that the sweetest lanzones comes from Camiguin.

13. Higantes Festival

    
    
    This is an annual festival celebrated during the month of November in Angono, Rizal (2 hours 30 minutes from Manila by land). Angono is known as the "Art Capital of the Philippines" -- the hometown of two national artists namely Carlos V. Francisco for painting and Lucio D. San Pedro for music. The festival is characterized by a fiesta of "gigantic" proportions highlighted by a grand procession of 10-feet high papier mache puppets surrounded by a crowd of drenched, water-fighting revelers, thus the term Higantes.

14. Shariff Kabunsuan Festival

    
    
    This is an annual festival celebrated during the month of December in Cotabato City, Maguindanao (1 hour 30 minutes from Manila by air). The festival is characterized by a colorful display of Muslim religion and culture. It commemorates the arrival of Shariff Kabunsuan, an Arab-Malay missionary from Johore, via Rio Grande de Mindanao who introduce Islam religion to the natives.

15. Binirayan Festival

    
    
    This is an annual festival celebrated during the month of December in San Jose, Antique (1 hour from Manila by air). The festival is characterized by the re-enactment of the landing and settlement of the ten Bornean datus in Antique (1240) who founded the first Malay settlement in the country. "Binirayan" literally means "where they sailed to".

It is specifically involved with traveling to natural destinations, building awareness on the conservation of the environment, providing perks for conservation practices as well as financial benefits for the local people.

Ecotourism is different from nature-based tourism. Nature tourism uses natural destinations to lure tourists and includes such activities as kayaking, mountain biking, fishing, camping, hiking and others. The biggest difference between ecotourism and nature tourism lies in the fact that the former contains educational elements and efforts are geared towards environment conservation.

There are four types of ecotourism: hard ecotourism, general or soft ecotourism, adventure ecotourism and educational ecotourism. Hard ecotourism focuses on activities that involve intense ecotourism such as non-hotel accommodations. Soft ecotourism is most common where tourists can observe nature and culture of the local people. Adventure ecotourism involves activities that are high risks such as bungee jumping. Educational tourism is one organized by educational organization complete with lectures and presentations.

There were two major factors that led to the creation of ecotourism. These are : the environmental movement in the 1970's and 1980's and a general dissatisfaction with mass tourism due to over development, pollution and insensitive foreigners (Honey, 1999; Orams, 1995). The combined effect of environmental awareness and great dissatisfaction of mass tourism led to ecotourism.

David Weaver noted that “interest in ecotourism, now widespread among tourism planners and marketers, is rationalized by a number of popular assumptions regarding the sector's potential economic, environment and socio-cultural benefits” (Weaver 1999, 795).

Proper planning and implementation of these ecotourism programs must go hand in hand in order to attain success. It is important to point out that a number of ecotourism projects have failed because of lack of planning and implementation guidelines. The consequences would be disastrous in such cases because economic gains cannot replace the social and environmental damages that ecotourism could contribute.

A number of experts are uncertain over the role of ecotourism in the context of international development. A number of literatures written on ecotourism express either skepticism or optimism.

The Need for Sustainable Development

In early 1987, the term “sustainable development” gained international recognition. The Bruntland Commission defined it as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” ( Our Common Future, 1987, p. 43). In terms of international development, it is taken in the context of social, economic and environmental impacts of development.

For ecotourism to meet the world's stamp of approval, it has to be sustainable. The main goal of ecotourism therefore is sustainable development. In order for the ecotourism strategy to be effective, it must help preserve the environment for the future generations which is the primary concern of the local sectors in Costa Rica now.

Costa Rica's Ecotourism

Costa Rica was a pioneer in ecotourism. Its ecotourism industry has reached a much higher level of maturity compared to other countries. That is why interest in the impact of ecotourism in Costa Rica is also very high. Costa Rica serves as a concrete example of the possible advantages and disadvantages ecotourism will bring. Proper planning and implementation of ecotourism are derived on the lessons learned in Costa Rica's first-hand experience.

According to Honey (1999) estimates showed that the demand for ecotourism is growing at a 10 to 30 percent annual rate. Due to its potential huge impact to the environment, socio-cultural and economic aspect of Costa Rica, it is important to assess its effectiveness and sustainability.

Costa Rica has the makings of a good ecotourism spot. It offers a biologically diverse place in the regions of South America. Its ecosystem is comprised of 12 different life zones. An estimated 4% of all living species thrive in Costa Rica despite its very limited .01% of global territory. Its cloud forests, active volcanoes and huge species of flora and fauna made it ideal for ecotourism.

Costa Rica has all the necessary attractions for ecotourism. It has national parks, a democratic government, a temperate climate and hospitable people. It boasts of the highest standards of living, the largest middle class base and the best public health care system, the best public education and highest literacy rate in all of Latin America (Honey, 1999). Not only that infrastructures are also very good with its paved roads, telephone and electricity access. Its airport facility met international standards and only a few hours flight from the United States.

Tourists from the United States flock to Costa Rica with 39% of them saying nature as the main reason. The government of Costa Rica, fortunately, quickly recognized the importance of ecotourism in their industry and took steps to protect their natural resources. As a matter of fact, a fourth of the country forms part of the 29 parks and protected areas, considered as one of the world's highest protection rates of the natural resources. As ecotourism grew, Costa Rica's economy also grew as best reflected in the country's gross domestic product. In 1995, tourism became the highest money-making venture in the country followed by banana, coffee and beef industry.

Costa Rica was able to meet to the expectations of the tourists by supplying an environmentally conscious tourism. The huge tract of land under the protected area preserved the natural beauty of the environment in Costa Rica. This, in turn, sustains the tourist influx into the country. A number of local and governmental programs have been established to further promote education and conservation of ecotourism. For instance, Monteverde region of Costa Rica which housed a number of notable and popular ecotourism spots such as Monteverde Cloud Forest Private Reserve, the Community Reserve of Santa Elena, the Butterfly Garden, the Orchid Farm, the Community Art Center, CASEM, the Cheese Factory, the Frog Farm and the famous Sky Walk-Sky Trek.

To preserve natural beauty, ecotourism sectors provide guides to accompany the tourists to educate the tourists or impart knowledge about the sites. The Sky Walk project was started by a local family and required the involvement of the entire community. This provides jobs to the locals which they could use to purchase things they need in turn helping the economy move forward. The local schools, churches and road projects also get much needed support from projects such as these.

Costa Rica has not always been a major tourist destination. As a matter of fact, its transformation to become a famous tourist hub was short of miraculous. Ecotourism has started in Costa Rica as early as the 1970's. It took off in 1980's when the government worked hand in hand with USAID, World Bank and IMF to further develop it.

Economic Impacts

The role of economics in ecotourism could not be understated. It was first and foremost the reason behind the creation of ecotourism. It is said that “years ago, the travel agents first dreamed up the idea of "ecotourism" were clearly looking for new markets, not ways to save the world” (Miller and Tangley, 1991, p. 153).

The greatest promise ecotourism holds is its ability to marry economic gains with environment conservation. The movement of travelers from developed to developing countries is essential to earn the much needed dollars to spur the economy. However, this is not the case observed by many in Costa Rica.

Revenue leakage seems to be the order of the day. Revenue leakage is defined as the money which escapes the local economy and went back to developed countries. “In Costa Rica, which by the early 1990's was the number one overseas ecotourism destination for the United States travelers, half of every tourist dollar never left the United States, and only 20 cents actually went into the local economy according to a USAID study” (Honey, 1999, p. 89).

In this scenario, it will be hard for Costa Rica to benefit from ecotourism. Money leaks are observed in the different aspects of the ecotourism business. For instance, paying money to tour operators made up mostly of foreigners, importing of products that attracts foreign tourists and the payment of plane fares to foreign owned airlines.

The economic boost derived from ecotourism is unquestionable. But in order for ecotourism to remain sustainable, the large amount of the profit must go the local communities. According to estimates, 90% of revenue leakage occurs in communities adjacent to natural attractions. In the Tortuguero National Park of Costa Rica, a mere 6% of the total income will go to the local communities.

In order to maximize the economic gains of ecotourism in Costa Rica, revenue leakages must be addressed effectively. Legislation properly in place would make enable the locals to generate a huge percentage of the profits. Also, the need to put up local businesses using indigenous materials and using local labor has to be emphasized to prevent revenue leakage.

Another negative result of ecotourism is it can cause an increase in the cost of living for the locals. A study conducted in the Osa peninsula showed that ecotourism made the inhabitants poorer not richer as thought. Converting the area to a tourist attraction would mean higher cost of living for the locals but the income remains the same because the profits generated often go to outsiders with more experience leaving the community to share the crumbs.

Also, local entrepreneurs do not receive the much-needed financial aid from the government in order to make them competitive. It would be hard for local entrepreneurs to continue without financial backing especially if foreign investments start pouring in. It is important therefore to encourage local initiatives to develop the ecotourism sector before turning to foreign investors.

Exploitation in the marketing of ecotourism poses another economic problem to Costa Rica. This is referred to as “green washing”. Some members of the travel industry want to capitalize with the growing ecotourism market by marketing products as ecotourism even though they have nothing to do with environmental responsibility, whatsoever. “These environmental opportunists package the same travel that was once considered exploitative in a green ribbon, and travelers return home with the illusion that their luxurious vacation was actually good for the environment” (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p.84).

Another economic dilemma Costa Rica needs to face is the growing dependence on tourism to generate income. Tourism is the number one money-making ventures in Costa Rica totally eclipsing the performance of its former exports like bananas and coffee. What makes this total dependence risky is the fact that tourism is seasonal and is subject to change. One may experience tourism boom in one year and suffer tourism bust in another. In other words, it is not a stable source of income. Too much reliance on it could put a lot of people's jobs at risk.

Complete takeover of foreign investment could also lead to economic problems since it affects the sense of ownership of the locals. For instance, the prices of real estate have sky-rocketed to immense heights that even the locals cannot afford to buy their own lands. Inflation can cause increase of cost of living which could displace a lot of people.

Roberts and Thanos (2003) believe that “as long as ecotourism remains dependent on the international economy it appears it will be influenced and ultimately overpowered by the corporations that dominate the industry”.

A number of critics of ecotourism projects not just in Costa Rica but also in other developing countries have been very vocal about its supposed lack of economic benefits. Critics believed that developing countries the likes of Costa Rica would not likely benefit from international tourism because most major tourist expenditures such as plane fare are taken care of by businesses outside the country.

The reality though paints a different picture. Costa Rica enjoys a high 40% rent capture which is used by owners, managers, guides, meals and accommodation providers for operating expenses. The percentage is actually higher than what most people expect considering Costa Rica does not have local airlines that could compete with international carriers. In ecotourism industry, having privately-owned accommodations are preferable compared to large hotels and restaurants since they can provide better service to tourists. These privately-operated and smaller hotels in turn employ a number of locals and help the economy.

Environmental Impacts

The national park system in Costa Rica is the main attraction in ecotourism. The first strictly protected area came about in 1963. There are now 30 parks and more than 2230 different protected areas in Costa Rica.

One of the environmental effects of ecotourism is overcrowding and impacts of using it. It can give undue pressure to environmentally sensitive areas. Overcrowding natural areas with visitors could result in environmental degradation. “A major environmental cost is the possibility that local carrying capacities, difficult to gauge as they are because of their complexity, will be inadvertently exceeded in the long term by activity associated with ecotourism, especially in those cases where the sector is growing at a rapid rate” (Weaver, 1999, p. 796).

Overcrowding or sudden influx of tourists could lead to excess in the local carrying capacities which will have negative impacts on the environment since the locals are left with the responsibilities of coping with solid waste generation, pollution, habitat destruction, forest degradation and trail erosion. It could also degrade the delicate balance of the ecosystems and threatens the environment from which it depends.

Since ecotourism is getting less seasonal which means Costa Rica can expect tourists all year-round, concerns for its environmental impact particularly from cause-oriented groups also abound. A year-round tourism could mean increasing the conservation efforts to further protect the environment. Take for instance, the local fauna. There is an open and close season for the fauna. During the close season, local fauna are given time to mate. A year-round travel could affect the mating routine. Also, ecotourism thrives on image. As ecotourism grows they might be some problems in the image the ecotourism conjures. A tourist might expect quiet, isolated and untouched beaches but when he comes to Costa Rica he might be disappointed to see the beach flooded with other ecotourists like him. This could pose a potential problem in marketing the place.

Of course, keeping the environment at a minimum is almost impossible with increased number of tourists flocking to the place. Increasing number of hotels constructed, more lights on the streets and on the houses and increased visitors coming in and out of the country are observed to affect the sea-turtle nesting and the sea-turtle itself by changing its pattern of nesting.

It is therefore imperative that ecotourism minimizes these adverse effects by focusing on low-impact construction, controlling the number of visitors in a certain area and using great care when interacting with the fauna and flora.

A concrete example of the problems from the environmental impacts of ecotourism is best exemplified by the Manuel Antonio National Park. The park often experienced overcrowding, lack of planning and over-development of the affected community. This resulted in improper waste disposal which caused a number of the resident monkeys in the area to feed on garbage. In this instance, it is important to point out that conservation measures should be put in place ahead of generating profit in order to protect the environment and to make it sustainable.

The deterioration of the environment will affect tourist visits in the long term. Therefore, to make the area not only sustainable but also income-generating for a long time, conservation measures must be firmly in place.

Social Impacts

To make ecotourism beneficial to the locals, the people should actively contribute to the planning and implementation phase of the project. This area leaves a lot to be desired of since communities did not form part of the decision-making process and private operators particularly foreigners did not consult the community about their plans for the place. Since the local communities have the biggest stake in the consequence of the ecotourism program, their voice should be heard or ideas should be solicited in establishing sustainable ecotourism.

The involvement of the local community to the project could spell its success or failure. The support of the local community is very important because they create the kind of environment that tourists want. Their participation is also essential in identifying the impacts, whether positive or negative, of ecotourism to the affected area. The involvement of the community could also lessen future conflicts.

Ecotourism could possibly lead to the collapse of social and cultural structures. Therefore, it is important that tourists be aware of the cultural dynamics at work in a particular community to make ecotourism work. By using the skills and knowledge of the local people, ecotourism could encourage the native culture. The good news is ecotourists are found to appreciate the local tradition, customs and cuisine compared to other offerings.

The dangers of associating isolated communities with rich foreigners could also be high. A situation called “commofication” could occur which is the erosion of the culture and community structure. Locals may change their practices to accommodate the foreigners.

Conclusion

The overall impact of ecotourism industry to Costa Rica has been very positive. It also helped that the local government and organizations worked hand in hand to promote the environment. Guidelines have been established and followed to be able to facilitate the growing need for ecotourism.

As ecotourism will grow - so will the need for accommodations. This, of course, will have a direct impact on the environment. They may need more places to develop, more space for the tourists. That is why strict implementation of environmental guidelines is essential to minimize the social impact on Costa Rica environment.

The local people should be at the center of the ecotourism development. This is to encourage them to devote their time and full support to ecotourism undertakings thus minimizing the likelihood of negative impacts of ecotourism.

Topkapi Palace

It's construction started in 1459 by the order of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. Mehmet II is one of the important sultans of Ottoman Empire since he was the the conquerer of Istanbul. Topkapi Palace was the home and official residence of Ottoman Emperors from 1465 to 1863. The historical tissue of Topkapi Palace damaged because of big earthquakes and fires. Currently, Topkapi Palace is museum. It is under administration of Ministry of Culture and Tourism. When you visit Topkapi Palace Museum, you can see a large collection of Ottoman art and architecture, Ottoman miniatures, weapons, shields, armor and a display of Ottoman treasure and jewelry.

Dolmabahce Palace

It is located at the European side of Istanbul. After 1853, it was used as the official residence of Ottoman Emperors. It was also the administrative center of Ottoman Empire from 1853 to 1922. Dolmabahce palace is the first European style palace in Ottoman Empire history. It was built by Ottoman Sultan Abdulmecid II between 1842 and 1853. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder and the first president of Turkey Republic, spent his last years in this palace. Ataturk died in November 10, 1938 in Dolmabahce Palace.

Yildiz Palace

It was built in 1880 and used by the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II. Inside Yildiz Palace, there are apartments, pavilions, theatre, opera house, museum and a porcelain factory.

Beylerbeyi Palace

Unlike Dolmabahce, Topkapi and Yildiz palaces, Beylerbeyi Palace is located at the Assian side of Istanbul. It was built between 1861 and 1865 by the order of Ottoman Sultan Abdulaziz. It was designed in baroque style. It was mainly used as a place to entertain visiting heads of state. Sultan Abdulhamid II spent his last years of captivity in Beylerbeyi palace. He died in Beylerbeyi Palace in 1918.

Ciragan Palace

It is located between Besiktas and Ortakoy at the European side of Istanbul. It was built between 1863 and 1867 by the order of Ottoman Sultan Abdulaziz. It was designed by famous Armenian architect Nigogayos Balyan and constructed by his sons Hagop and Sarkis Balyan. In 1910, it was destroyed by a great fire. However, the ruined palace was restored in 1991. It was designed in Baroque style during restoration. Currently, it is used as a five-star hotel.

The Filipino community has the unique edge that its people should enhance, enrich, and preserve. The country is a captivating tourism destination and tourism is one of its major economic resources. I believe that though the Philippines is presently having fiscal problems, it should not lose the faith and the hope; instead, we should take the problems as challenges to become a stronger nation. The assets of the country are not limited to the tourist spots and products only, but also the Filipino themselves are on of its lustrous diamonds. Filipinos are naturally hospitable and able to speak English language fluently which are two of the reasons why tourists keep on coming back to the different regions of the archipelago. As a conclusion, the people should not focus on the negative side of the country's status but rather ponder more on the positive side. Filipinos have the potentials to make the country a new tigress of Southeast Asia, why not flaunt them?

Munnar Resorts - Nature's Perfection

Welcome to the misty green hill resort of Munnar, where you will feel as though you are in God's own garden - Eden. In the state of India called Kerala, nicknamed God's Own Country, Munnar is a perfect place for nature lovers. Munnar lies in a valley between three mountain freshwater streams (rivers), thus the name Munnar. At over 1500 feet above sea level, Munnar offers an excellent place to catch some fresh air and be captivated by the beauty of God's creations. The hills offer excellent opportunity to embark on a bicycle tour of the region or a boat tour through the wild life park. Beautiful tea gardens and plantations line the entire hillside, and the sun's golden rays piercing through the morning mist is a spectacle worthy of praise. If you are lucky, you can see the entire valley from Anaimudi peak - which is viewable once every twelve years. Other than seeing a variety of plant life, Munnar also has Rajamalai Wildlife Sanctuary and Ernakulum National Park for those animal lovers. Other recreational activities include but not limited to fishing, sailing, rapids boating, mountain trekking, paragliding off the various hills and much more!

Taj Mahal - Testament to Love

The Taj Mahal in Agra is indisputably the most famous example of Mughal architecture. The white marble encased tomb is a true lasting testament of love, made by Emperor Shah Jahan for his wife Arjumand Banu Begum, also known as Mumtaz Mahal. The immense mausoleum is incomparably beautiful during sunrise and sunset. Situated near the Agra River in Uttra Pradesh, Taj Mahal is the most famous of World's architectures and considered one of the oldest heritage sites. It is also a distinguished example of Arabic and Islamic art styles merged with Indian innovativeness. This is truly a magnificent site everyone must visit.

Santa Monica - First Nunnery in Asia

In Goa, A must see site is Church of Our Lady of the Rosary incredible mixture of Hindu and Christian styles. This church is one of the oldest churches in Goa, and dedicated to Our Lady of Immaculate Conception. The huge Convent of Santa Monica, dating from 1606, was the first Nunnery in Asia. The church is believed to be build by Portuguese leader Alfonso de Albuquerque during the early 1500 for his victories in India. The church is unique in that its architectural style is Gothic and Renaissance architecture (unique to Portugal) combined with India's Hindu influences. The church itself stands on a hill named the “Holy Hill” and is a spiritual attraction for many Catholics.

City Palace - The City of the Kings

City Palace of Jaipur is located in Rajasthan and is a mix of Mughal and Rajasthani influence. The well-fortified City Palace is a majestic white monument perched high up on a hill, build originally by King Maharaja Jai Singh II. The complex is divided into a series of courtyards, sprawling gardens and buildings. Within the palace itself, there are numerous other “sub-buildings” such as Museums, and temples, making it an architectural wonder. The main entrance, a triple arched gate named the Tripolia, built in 1725, is a marvel worth seeing. Intricate decorations in deep red and gold, Afghan and Persian carpets, miniature paintings, astronomical manuscripts in Persian and Sanskrit lies the "Diwan-E-Aam" or the "Hall of Public Audience". Blue and White ceramic tiles line many of the buildings, making it a work of beauty and art.

The Lotus Temple - Delhi's Wonder

In the heart of New Delhi, the bustling capital of India, a lotus shaped building defines the skyline. Bahá'í House of Worship or more famously known as The Lotus Temple, is the mother temple of the Indian Sub-continent. The building has won numerous awards for its architectural prowess and is one of the most visited places on earth. More then 4 million people visit this building each year, making it more visited than even the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The building is open for public worship and the nine lakes around each of the lotus petals of the building add a quiet mood of serenity that many worshippers and visitors have grown fond of. During an award ceremony in Vienna, the lotus temple was described as a “Taj Mahal of the 20th century in promoting the unity and harmony of people of all nations, religions and social strata, to an extent unsurpassed by any other architectural monument worldwide.”

Alappuzha - Kerala's Backwaters

Kerala, located in the southern tip of India, offers a unique experience for its visitors. The land between the Western Ghats mountains and the Arabian Sea is one of the “greenest” places on Earth… making it an ideal place for many. The intricate network of ponds, rivers and waterways offer people the ability to tour many areas in their own private “house boats” while exploring the native plant, animal and human life. Along with Alappuzha, Kollam, Cochin, Kumarakom and Thiruvananthapuram all offer a unique touch to this extreme boating experience.Kerala's backwaters are nicknamed the “Venice of the East” and provide amble experiences for your eyes to feast on and your mind to thrive on.

Kashmir - Heaven on Earth

The state of Kashmir boats a cultural history of over 4000 years, and since 1948, became part of India when the ruler of Jammu & Kashmir joined. Beautiful valleys, snow-capped mountains, rivers, alpine meadows dot the entire state and the people of Kashmir are one of the most diverse and most beautiful people. Kashmir also has unique strains of Buddhism that date as far back as Buddha himself and is a unique blend of India and China. Srinagar-Leh and Manali-Leh host many expeditions in the Himalayan Mountains, perfect for any adventurous tourists. Kashmir also has plenty of Buddhist and Hindu monasteries and pilgrimage sites for those that are spiritually keen. The magic of Kashmir is enchanting, truly a piece of Heaven on Earth.

Rail Tour - Palace On Wheels

Your tour of India is not complete unless you take a tour on the “Palace on Wheels.” The train is the ultimate definition of luxury rail tour. An array of elegantly furnished cabins, well stocked bar, sumptuous Indian delicacies served in its two dining cars, replete with traditional royal treatment of its guests are but a few features of this tour. The dining services are the most varied and one of the most excellent to be found on any luxury rail systems which include: Continental, Chinese, Indian and Rajasthani cuisines. The eight day tour starts in Delhi and takes you through some of the most historic and beautiful cities of India while letting you explore the countryside and taking specially guided tours of certain areas. At the end of the tour, you will find yourself back in Delhi, ready for another trip.

Swarn Mandir - The Golden Temple

Dazzling in the serene waters of the Amrit Sarovar is the Swarn Mandir, or the Golden Temple, a holy site for the followers of Sikh Religion. Located in Amritsar, the temple is a work of beauty… encompassed in gold and precious stones, the temple is an architectural wonder. The temple is near the Wagah Border crossing area between India and Pakistan so once you have visited the temple, you can visit the Wagah border to see the pompous border closing ceremony that Indian and Pakistani soldiers carry out every day.

Mussoorie - Queen of the Hills

Mussoorie was one of the favorite outpost of the British due to the lush valley and the perfect location of its landscape. Uttarakhand is the state of India, proud to be the host to Mussoorie. The area is heavily influenced by the Tibetan exiles; especially since it was the first area used by the Tibetan government in exile and later was turned into a Tibetan Buddhist school. However, the natural beauty of Mussoorie is rivaled by none other. Its sylvan valleys, majestic mountains, pure, invigorating air, sulphur springs and panoramic views draw visitors to its embrace from far and wide. Along with its verdant beauty, Mussoorie also offers an exciting range of activities to its visitors. From horseback riding through pristine mountain trails to hiking, boating and even a wide variety of video game parlors and an amusement park for children, Mussoorie has something to see and do for people of all ages and interests.